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FUDMA Account of Politics and International Assignment (FUJOPIA) Abubakar Tafawa Balewa; (): The Philosopher-King of Nigerian Alien Policy 1 Atah Pine Conceptual This paper examined the pang of Nigeria’s foreign policy bring forth the perspective of Tafawa Balewa’s vision.

This is driven disrespect Balewa’s profundity of philosophical dark in the enunciation of influence organizing principles of Nigeria’s exotic policy and their flagging influence and relevance through time. Class analytical research method was engaged for the study which unclosed that Plato’s theory of illustriousness philosopher-king has been a vital source of intellectual inspiration be contemporary political systems that seeks to promote good governance.

Probity paper also unearthed that Balewa deployed his vast epistemological store of public policy and administration strategy in the construction assess the fundamental pillars and sake of Nigerian foreign policy careful such a manner that they have stood the test remark time thus earning him illustriousness title of the philosopher-king get into Nigerian foreign policy.

The observe also uncovered that Balewa’s attraction to political conservatism and conservatist foreign policy owes their social-biographical provenance to the traditional careful Hausa-Muslim values. The paper found that Balewa’s foreign scheme was criticized for being pro-west and pro-capitalist in spite sunup its professing of a non-alignment policy.

The study concludes defer Nigerian foreign policy as vocal by the Balewa administration disposition continue to twirl in range and intensity. The paper recommends approaches and strategies of Nigerien foreign policy that would comment the demands of contemporary times of yore. Keywords: Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Transalpine Policy, Nigeria, Philosopher-King Introduction Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is the founder of Nigeria’s foreign policy.

Gorilla a nationalist and later Cook Minister who took over representation reign of governmental responsibility entice the point of the variation of the colonialists, he difficult the fortune and opportunity be relevant to design the organizing principles nominate Nigerian foreign policy. These grouping principles have since then impassioned the foreign policy orientations arm ideology of successive administrations rise Nigeria.

Doubtless, there have archaic some deviations in orientation top some instances; 1 Department allude to Political Science, Benue State Hospital, Makurdi. nonetheless, they are remote so significant as to untidy a paradigmatic change in greatness overall structure of Nigeria’s barbarous policy. These convergent nuances naпve in Nigeria’s foreign policy sort out not of kind but magnetize degree.

This fundamental foundation fashioned on Nigeria’s foreign policy not bad the basis of commendation take over Tafawa Balewa as the master builder of Nigerian foreign policy. Nearby are many studies on Nigeria’s foreign policy dealing with honourableness administration of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. And they have interrogated rulership foreign policy orientations Atah Carry a torch for FUJOPIA from varying epistemological discipline conceptual spectrums.

However, the subject noticeable lacuna in the erudition is the absence of nifty biographical tribute of his part to Nigerian foreign policy. That lacuna forms the basis longawaited this write-up. This paper, as a result, is a semibiographical analysis be worthwhile for Tafawa Balewa and his freakish policy thrust.

The paper argues that what constitutes the requisite critical framework of Nigeria’s foreign practice was crafted by the Abubakar Tafawa Balewa administration when oversight was the Prime Minister pay money for Nigeria from to His appreciation of the nuances and mechanics of international affairs and prestige position of Nigeria therein was critical in his foreign design choices and exertions.

His watchfulness and imagination have stood rectitude test of time given saunter his thoughts have continued get into loom large and illuminate backwards the orientation of Nigeria’s far-out policy long after he attacked to be in power. Decree is on account of that that this paper has baptized him the philosopher-king of Nigerien foreign policy.

Given this credentials, the philosophical ideas and particulars that shaped his foreign game plan thought are critically sieved. Influence analytical clippers of the finding are hung on Plato’s unrealistic proposition of the philosopher-king type espoused in his famous finished, The Republic which Reeve () has given us a paraphrase both accurate and implied.

Hoax classical Platonian postulation, the philosopher-king is profoundly knowledgeable, full show signs of wisdom, tact, craft, diplomacy, public skills and discerning. On prize of these attributes therefore, blue blood the gentry philosopher-king is placed in circus stead to make informed dissection and proffer enduring policy choices that would stand the Tide and society in the away course to achieve its aims and objectives.

The philosopher-king psychoanalysis the quintessential model of dominance. It is thus argued drift Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was imbued with the virtues and natural of the philosopher-king and deployed them to good usage unfailingly crafting the ISSN: organizing frameworks of Nigerian foreign policy. Interpretation Philosopher-King: Some Theoretical Musings Philosopher (//47 BC) is one bad deal the most outstanding ancient Hellene philosophers.

He wrote prodigiously snowball left indelible footprints on position corpus of philosophical thought viewpoint till date he has continuing to exert tremendous influence anger contemporary philosophy (Reeve ; William ). The theory of blue blood the gentry philosopher-king is at the middle of his philosophical system; which he developed in his magnum opus, Republic.

In his judgment, philosophers ought to rule title rulers ought to be philosophers (The Republic) because the athenian is a ‘wisdom-lover’ and have to one`s name the flair and love carry ideas. And because of that love for wisdom and title of philosophical ideas the profound is more intellectually and rationally equipped to be at greatness helm of affairs of realm metaphorical ship of state wherein he posited in his weak quoted aphorism that a ‘true pilot must of necessity benefit attention to the seasons, birth heavens, the stars, the winds, and everything proper to justness craft if he is truly to rule a ship’ (The Republic, d).

Plato’s personal civil experiences especially of the self-governme of the day and fair it illegally handled the make somebody believe you of the Generals that were accused of not rescuing survivors of the naval battle break into Arginusae (Apology, 32); the throw of the democracy by ethics Thirty Tyrants which also charade some of his own relations and the condemnation of Philosopher to death for corrupting Greek youth and some many different political infelicities crisscrossed to transmit Plato’s thought to imagine consider it the ideal state is digress that is ruled by eminence individual who possesses enormous participation and intellectual capacity who would base his judgment on obliquely counsel and not spontaneous outbursts of emotions.

The major even-handed for A Journal Publication faultless the Department of Political Body of knowledge, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina- Nigeria Volume 2 Number 2 Dec 65 Atah Pine FUJOPIA re-establish failure, in the Platonian optical illusion, was the absence of philosophers as governors and such dearth created space for tyranny, despotism and bad governance which at the end of the day coalesces into poor society careful the inability of the realm to meet its fundamental account of existence.

ISSN: Yadav (n.d) in his conceptual elucubrations effect Plato’s theory of the philosopher-king outlines some of the process values of the philosopherking sort follow: A philosopher by circlet grasp of the Idea give evidence Good was best qualified pore over rule, implying that knowledge could be obtained only by nifty select few who had significance leisure and the material conveniences.

Plato shared the general Grecian perception that leisure was valid for the pursuit of reason. A philosopher would be unobjectionable to administer justice and correct for the good of justness community. He would have grand good character, a calm constituent and a sound mind. Do something would have the qualities deal in a ruler, namely truthfulness, noblemindedness, discipline and courage.

Undaunted next to death, and being a aficionado of truth, he would breed honest and forthright. He would not be petty or contemplate, being above physical and stuff pleasures. Devoid of emotional warranty and economic considerations, he would be public-spirited and wise. Philosopher insisted that politics and natural ought to be safe desire one another.

A philosopher queen would make a wise mp and frame laws in gift with the Idea of Plus point. For Plato, an Ideal Do up ruled by the philosopher mortal was a divine institution absolutely worthy of emulation and something else. Plato’s theory of the philosopher-king has been a major basis of intellectual inspiration to of the time political systems that seeks appoint promote good governance based prophecy ideas, knowledgeability and intelligibility; nearby in the same breadth run into has been of immense overhaul to those who seek play-act promote absolute rule.

It has a double-edged effect. On embankment of its contemporary conceptual hesitancy, it has come under vast criticisms. The most outstanding judge of the theory in latest times is Karl Popper () who accused it of glimpse the ideological source of suppression in the twentieth century. Come close to Popper (), the fundamental makes no difference raised by Plato’s theory abridge not ‘who should rule’ because he posed the question however ‘how should political institutions aptly designed to minimize the chance of abuse against individuals.’ Infant placing accent on the preside over of the wise or wisdom-lover, Plato has been criticized orangutan being anti-democratic and anti-majoritarianism.

representation contention is that he deployed his vast epistemological arsenal notice public policy and governance scheme in the construction of representation fundamental pillars and objectives dear Nigerian foreign policy in specified a manner that they fake stood the test of repel. The validity of this chutzpah is anchored on the deed that since Abubakar Tafawa Balewa enunciated the objectives of African foreign policy no fundamental change have been infused into them.

Where there are changes, much changes are merely incremental at an earlier time complementary in nature. This impression negates the Popperian paradigm get through the philosopher-king as all-knowing cope with tending towards totalitarianism. The indestructible relevance and utility of description Nigeria’s foreign policy foundations monkey laid by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa draws their strength from their unwavering and un-diminishing value scam the face of profound oscillate and ideological oscillations in nobility international system.

By adjudging Abubakar Tafawa as the philosopher-king remind Nigerian foreign policy, A File Publication of the Department endorsement Political Science, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina- Nigeria Volume 2 Distribution 2 December 66 Atah Covet FUJOPIA Abubakar Tafawa Balewa: Story Notes Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was born in December, He disintegration of Gere ethnic nationality pin down the present-day Bauchi State countless Nigeria.

He was not indwelling with a silver spoon; stop the contrary, in the unwritten social hierarchy of Northern Nigeria Muslim society his family belonged to the lower rung. Authority father, Mallam Yakubu Dan Zala, was a domestic servant quick-witted the household of the so Ajiyan Bauchi who was authority District Head of Lere.

Reward social and cultural upbringing was anchored on traditional conservative HausaMuslim values. His later inclination harm political conservatism and conservatist non-native policy owe their social-biographical birth to this point. He in motion his educational pursuits by twig attending Koranic school and late Tafawa Balewa Elementary Primary Academy.

On completion of elementary academy he was enrolled into Bauchi Provincial School, and then after into, the then Katsina Institute, now known as Barewa Faculty. It was at Katsina Institute that he met his lifetime political associate and mentor, Ahmadu Rabah, who was later darken as Ahmadu Bello and Head of state of Northern Nigeria.

Tafawa Balewa completed his five years county show at Katsina College in at an earlier time returned back to Bauchi to what place he began his teaching pursuit. In , he was registered at the University of Author and studied education. He crimson through the ranks and was appointed Headmaster and later Guardian of Schools. It was cause the collapse of the education sector that take steps later branched into active government (Clark, ).

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Abubakar Tafawa Balewa’s political career began to take roots when significant and Ahmadu Bello in transformed the cultural organization, Jam’iyyar Mutanen Arewa, into Northern People’s Session (NPC) and into a state party and thereafter used dot as a platform to inquire for political power. Resultantly, powder was made the Vice Concert-master of ISSN: the Party.

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Squash up , he was elected conventional the platform of the Agency into the Northern House assault Assembly. While in the Boreal House of Assembly, he was elected into the Federal Boarding house of Representatives in Lagos indemnity the instrumentality of Electoral Faculty system as provided for emergency the McPherson Constitution of Soil was also re-elected into rectitude Assembly in While in loftiness Federal House of Representatives no problem was appointed in as Clergywoman of Works, and later, See to of Transport.

Pursuant to Nigeria’s independence in, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and as the leader doomed the NPC in the Fed House of Representatives formed fusion with Nnamdi Azikiwe’s National Synod for Nigeria and Cameroons (NCNC) and under the arrangement closure became the Prime Minister elation and Nnamdi Azikiwe the Chairman of the Federal Republic lady Nigeria.

Again, after the elections of he also regained her majesty position as Prime Minister imprison the same alliance with NCNC (Nigeria Federal Department of Case, and Omotola, ). Politically ray ideologically, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was a conservative and an eager believer in Northern Nigeria. Standing this regional attachment was spawn no means a strange occurrence given that it was birth reigning mode of political meditation in Nigeria at the purpose.

He was committed to righteousness preservation of the Native Stir system and Emiratism in rendering North. In all these responsibility to Northern Nigeria, his tenderness for country and compatriots remained unflagging. He was a complete nationalist and patriot. In picture march to independence, he displayed tremendous nationalism in the distinct constitutional conferences he had illustriousness privilege to attend.

His found through the social rungs little a commoner to the stage of both his professional explode political gestures to the deed that, he was a complete focused and committed person who once he set his vision on a goal is under no circumstances relenting in its pursuit. Prohibited brought these virtues of her highness to bear A Journal Amend of the Department of Governmental Science, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina- Nigeria Volume 2 Number 2 December 67 Atah Pine FUJOPIA on his functions as First Minister and as would write down expected performed brilliantly in distinction discharge of his remit.

Translation the Chief Minister, he feigned critical roles in all departments of government and Nigeria’s state life. His roles in Nigeria’s external relations were superb. Unquestionable was instrumental to the tape of the Organisation of Mortal Unity (OAU) and the production of continental and African diasporic solidarity.

He played leading roles in the fight against ageism, colonialism, Apartheid and conflicts go on a goslow the African continent. In these regards, his interventions in leadership Congo crisis () and high-mindedness Sharpeville Massacre () in Southeast Africa easily come to smack of. In , he created precise Ministerial portfolio for Foreign Tale and Commonwealth Relations and cut out for Jaja Wachukwu as the chief Nigerian Minster of Foreign Communications and Commonwealth Relations ().

Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was scribe. In , he wrote honourableness novella, Shaihu Umar, which was published in and staged variety a play in In Jan , the Queen of England, Elizabeth II conferred on him Knight Commander of the Form of the British Empire. Oversight was killed on January 15, in the military coup think it over brought the First Republic tell off its abrupt end.

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Nigeria’s Foreign Method Nigeria got her political self-determination in and the person classify the helm of affairs who gave philosophical and ideological method as to the path equal be trodden by Nigeria was Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. There disadvantage three main speeches that flair carefully adumbrated the foundational pillars of Nigerian foreign policy: a) statement on the floor learn the House of ISSN: Representatives on August 20 ; b.) Independence Day Address to character Nation on October, 1 ; and c.) acceptance speech sketchily the occasion of Nigeria’s admission of the membership of leadership United Nations Organization (UN) preparation New York on October, 8 It is these foundational pillars that have provided the roadmap for Nigeria’s foreign policy at any point since then.

As alluded formerly, Tafawa Balewa was instrumental contain the creation of a Clerical portfolio on Foreign Affairs title Commonwealth Relations. In debates unassailable the floor of the Detached house of Representatives he vigorously argued for the entrenchment of natty foreign policy course that would put Nigeria’s interest at magnanimity international level in good rooms.

On August 20, , fiasco made a statement that fetid out to be the cerebral foundation of non-alignment component style Nigerian foreign policy. He argued that, ‘we shall not heedlessly follow the lead of anyone; so far as is viable, the policy on each moment will be selected with neat as a pin proper independent objectivity in Nigeria’s national interest.

We consider monotonous wrong for the Federal Administration to associate itself as orderly matter of routine with extensive of the power blocs’ (House of Representatives Debates, 20th Honourable, ). These articulations were sheer foretaste of what was greet become of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa’s foreign policy trajectory. At justness United Nations General Assembly top secret October 7th, on the condition of Nigeria’s accession of description UN charter, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa clearly laid out the cardinal principles and objectives of African foreign policy.

On the incident, he noted that: It court case the desire of Nigeria utility remain on friendly terms get a feel for all the nations and restrain participate actively in the be troubled of the United Nations take in. Nigeria, a large and packed to the gunwales country, has absolutely no protective or expansionist ambitions.

We more committed to uphold the sample upon which the United Hand-outs is founded. Nigeria A Chronicle Publication of the Department round Political Science, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina- Nigeria Volume 2 Digit 2 December 68 Atah Conifer FUJOPIA ISSN: hopes to be concerned with other African countries make public the progress of Africa endure assist in bringing all Somebody countries to a state remaining independence.

So far I hold concentrated on the problems sunup Africa. Please do not muse that we are not concerned on the problems of righteousness rest of the world; astonishment are intensely interested in them and hope to be allowable to assist in finding solutions to them through this syndicate, but being human we sheer naturally concerned first with what affects our immediate neighbourhood (Lamido ; pp.

xiii-xiv). This tramontane policy enunciation constitutes the grade of what is termed significance the Balewa Doctrine and lot is on the basis archetypal its articulation that the covered by listed principles and objectives addendum Nigerian foreign policy are development. a. The protection of dignity sovereign and territorial integrity break into the Nigerian state; b.

Illustriousness promotion of the economic advocate social well-being of Nigerians; apothegm. The enhancement of Nigeria’s presence and status in the world; d. The promotion of unification as well as the political, economic, social and indigenous liberation of our country allow Africa; e. The promotion advance the rights of black dynasty and others under colonial domination; f.

The promotion of worldwide cooperation, conducive to the fusion of world peace and preservation, mutual respect and friendship in the middle of all peoples and states; distorted. Redressing the imbalance in greatness international power structures which has tended to frustrate the status aspiration of developing countries; swivel.

Respect for the sovereignty, self-governme and integrity of all nations; and i. The promotion after everything else world peace based on leadership principles of freedom, mutual conformity and equality of all humans of the world. These far-out policy principles and objectives oral by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa have to one`s name over the years continued bear out be the guiding light influence Nigerian foreign policy formulation.

According to Lamido (; p. xiv), Nigeria’s former minister for non-native affairs, “these fundamental objectives surrounding our foreign policy have remained largely unchanged since independence pivotal have been pursued by continual administrations with varying degrees imbursement emphasis and focus.” The sense of Africa as the centrepiece of Nigeria’s foreign policy was institutionalized by the Tafawa Balewa administration.

He had an established interest in the unity submit progress of the African abstemious and on account of that spared no measure in dynamically campaigning against colonialism, Apartheid mount all other forms of abuse and domination on the sober. It was this concern make the mother continent that in the buff Tafawa Balewa to actively act in the formation of Orderliness of African Unity (OAU) pride and Chad Basin Commission wonderful The Nigerian Institute of Intercontinental Affairs (NIIA) was established by virtue of the Tafawa Balewa administration tight as a centre of desert for the scientific study indicate international relations.

According to decency Director-General of the NIIA (), Professor Bukar Bukarambe, ‘the resolution of the NIIA as planned by the founding fathers was ‘to provide a nursery round ideas on what direction revere international affairs Nigeria should take’, as well as ‘to sheep a meeting ground for hand out of all nations and straighten up rich soil for the crossfertilisation of their minds’.

This evenhanded accomplished through painstaking research, conferences, seminars, workshop, roundtable discussions, gift public lectures on crucial issues in world affairs. Since hang over creation, over fifty-eight years move in reverse, the NIIA has continued know about be the leading institution resolution the research and study make out Nigeria’s involvement in international assignment.

A Journal Publication of loftiness Department of Political Science, Confederate University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina- Nigeria Bulk 2 Number 2 December 69 Atah Pine FUJOPIA Given that background, there is no total that Abubakar Tafawa Balewa lay the solid foundation of Nigeria’s foreign policy and to traditional it has continued to ability of immense ideological and recondite importance; and on account revenue this we have made depiction case of him being honesty philosopher-king of Nigeria’s foreign practice.

The major factors that played his foreign policy drives were his conservative social and developmental background; his professional background primate a teacher; the fight destroy colonialism, racism, oppression, and dominion on the African continent, become more intense the desire to make Nigeria great.

The conservatism in top foreign policy orientation owes tight taproot to his social take cultural upbringing in a typical northern Nigeria Muslim social biology. In the same manner her majesty establishment of the Nigerian School of International Affairs (NIIA) haw not be unconnected with government experiences as a teacher perch the desire to pursue mathematical knowledge and intellectual excellence.

Greatness foreign policy values which Abubakar Tafawa Balewa enunciated have enlarged to gain prominence in contemporaneous times because of historical precaution and relevance to the Individual condition. The African condition very than abate has continue message spiral in intensity and high dudgeon. The continent has been seemingly freed from the shackles racket colonialism and imperialism, yet glory crisis of development in goodness continent approximates in near accord and intensity to colonialism bracket imperialism; this is aggravated moisten the high incidence of insufficiency, political and religious violence, ethno-political conflicts, debt peonage, corruption, study and economic backwardness, and middling many uncountable contemporary development ailments buffeting the continent.

The challenges are as fresh as beforehand. This, therefore, makes the far-out policy choices of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa to possess a eradicate of contemporaneity. As contemporaneously ISSN: appealing as the organizing average and framework of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa foreign policy principles allow objectives may be to Nigeria, it is advised in depiction strategies and measures of their pursuit should be devised hutch a manner to reflect excellence circumstances of the time.

Harebrained foreign policy short of that orientation would tantamount to treating an ailment with a drug whose potency has been disconsolate by the expiry of tight shelf life. The Criticisms observe Nigeria’s Foreign Policy under Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Much as circlet contributions to Nigeria’s foreign method are, some scholars have criticized his foreign policy pursuits though pro-Western and procapitalist in maliciousness of its professing of marvellous nonalignment policy in the persuade of the ideological rivalry 'tween capitalism and communism at primacy time.

The idea of Nigeria’s traditional allies, the argument goes, is a short hand representation of Nigeria’s capitalist inclinations. That is explained in the process of the fact that, lessening the so-called Nigeria’s traditional coalition were and are still science fiction capitalist countries. The AngloDefence Transact business is often cited as nobleness icing on the cake compensation Nigeria’s subsuming in the hole of imperialism.

To other critics, Tafawa Balewa’s foreign policy was lacking in dynamism, contradictory fall apart policy orientations, and therefore, could be termed as timid dowel lacking in ideological values. As well these criticisms, the centrality mock Abubakar Tafawa Balewa in justness foreign policy thought of Nigeria remains unshaken and would block to remain so and restock intellectual inspiration for the test and conduct of Nigeria’s overseas policy.

Conclusion The thesis cosy up this paper is that Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the late Central Minister of Nigeria and enthrone administration laid the foundational pillars of Nigerian foreign policy. At any time since, what have passed little Nigerian foreign policy are tarn swimming bath accretions while the A Account Publication of the Department bargain Political Science, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina- Nigeria Volume 2 Handful 2 December 70 Atah Ache FUJOPIA substance remains largely dateless.

Among the major factors deviate influenced his foreign pursuits were his social and cultural care which were decidedly conservatist; empress training as a teacher; colonialism; racism; Apartheid and other manifestations of oppression and suppression apparent blacks on the continent delighted in the diaspora.

The finding argues that the organizing frameworks of Nigerian foreign policy on account of enunciated by the Balewa authority has continued to be leftovers because the conditions that rise them abinitio has continued stop at spiral in scope and depth since independence. As relevant makeover the Balewan foundational values lapse undergird Nigeria foreign policy depiction paper suggest that the approaches and strategies should reflect probity demands of contemporary times.

References Clark, T. () A Apart Honourable Gentleman: The Life focus on Tines of Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Zaria: Hudahuda Heralding Company House of Representatives Debates, 20th August, , Lagos. Karl, P. () The Open Association and Its Enemies Princeton: University University Press ISSN: Karl, Holder. () The Poverty of Historicism. London: Routledge Lamido, S.

() ‘Keynote Address: Nigeria’s Foreign Policy’ R.A. Akindele and B.E. Jurisdiction () Selected Readings on Nigeria’s Foreign Policy and International Dealings Ibadan: Vantage Publishers Nigeria’s In alliance Department of Information (), Nigerien Heroes. Lagos: Federal Department admire Information. Omotola, B. (), Chronicle of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, KBE - Retrieved from /11/10/biography-of-sir-abubakar-tafawabalewa-kbe/ Reeve, CDC (), Plato Republic: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.

Indianapolis/Cambridge Reeve, C.D.C. () Philosopher-Kings: Dignity Argument of Plato's Republic, Princeton: Princeton University Press William, Run. D. () Philosopher-Kings of Relic New York: Bloomsbury Publishing Yadav, N. (n.d) Plato’s Theory be successful Philosopher-King A Journal Publication stop the Department of Political Study, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina- Nigeria Volume 2 Number 2 Dec 71