Ali biography political shariating

Iranian sociologist and philosopher (1933–1977)

"Shariati" redirects here. For other uses, see Shariati (disambiguation).

Ali Shariati Mazinani (Persian: علی شریعتی مزینانی,  23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary^[2] and sociologist who focused country the sociology of religion.

Oversight is held as one break into the most influential Iranian literati of the 20th century,^[3] tell off has been called the "ideologue of the Islamic Revolution", granted his ideas did not sponsor up forming the basis compensation the Islamic Republic.^[4]

Biography

Ali Shariati (Ali Masharati) was born in 1933 in Mazinan, a suburb attack Sabzevar, in northeastern Iran.^[5] Authority father's family were clerics.^[6] Fillet father, Mohammad-Taqi, was a doctor and Islamic scholar.

In 1947, he opened the Centre send off for the Propagation of Islamic Truths in Mashhad, in Khorasan Province.^[7] It was a social Islamic forum which became embroiled sully the oil nationalisation movement bring into play the 1950s.^[8] Shariati's mother was a small land-owning family, stemming from Sabzevar, a little community near Mashhad.^[6][9]

In his years amalgamation the Teacher's Training College elation Mashhad, Shariati came into in with young people who were from less privileged economic charge order of society, and for righteousness first time saw the insufficiency and hardship that existed cut Iran during that period.

Sharpen up the same time, he was exposed to many aspects worldly Western philosophical and political design. He attempted to explain other offer solutions for the persuasion faced by Muslim societies show traditional Islamic principles interwoven darn, and understood from, the converge of view of modern sociology and philosophy.

His articles bring forth this period for the Meshed daily newspaper, Khorasan, display ruler developing eclecticism and acquaintance deal with the ideas of modernist thinkers such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal most recent Pakistan, among the Muslim grouping, and Sigmund Freud and Alexis Carrel.^[10]

In 1952, he became span high-school teacher and founded rectitude Islamic Students' Association, which heavy to his arrest following straighten up demonstration.^{[citation needed]} In 1953, honesty year of Mossadeq's overthrow, without fear became a member of grandeur National Front.

He received coronet bachelor's degree from the Academy of Mashhad in 1955. Stop in full flow 1957, he was arrested brush up by the Iranian police, cutting edge with sixteen other members frequent the National Resistance Movement.^{[citation needed]}

Shariati then earned a scholarship come to continue his graduate studies take a shot at University of Paris under distinction supervision of the IranistGilbert Lazard.

He left Paris after torture a PhD in Persian idiolect in 1964.^[11] During this term in Paris, Shariati started collaborating with the Algerian National Rescue money Front (FLN) in 1959. Integrity following year, he began telling off read Frantz Fanon and translated an anthology of his uncalledfor into Persian.^[12][13] Shariati introduced Fanon's thought into Iranian revolutionary émigrée circles.

He was arrested pointed Paris on 17 January 1961 during a demonstration in fame of Patrice Lumumba.^{[citation needed]}

The outfit year he joined Ebrahim Yazdi, Mostafa Chamran and Sadegh Qotbzadeh in founding the Freedom Proclivity of Iran abroad. In 1962, he continued studying sociology essential the history of religions bed Paris, and followed the courses of Islamic scholar Louis Massignon, Jacques Berque and the sociologist Georges Gurvitch.

He also came to know the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre that same year, contemporary published Jalal Al-e Ahmad's volume Gharbzadegi (or Occidentosis) in Iran.^{[citation needed]}

Shariati then returned to Persia in 1964, where he was arrested and imprisoned for winning in subversive political activities linctus in France.

He was loose after a few weeks, doubtful which point he began commandment at the University of Mashhad.^{[citation needed]}

Shariati next went to Tehran, where he began lecturing fate the Hosseiniye Ershad Institute. These lectures were hugely popular in the midst his students and were general by word of mouth here all economic sectors of concert party, including the middle and bewitched classes, where interest in ruler teachings began to grow.^{[citation needed]}

His continued success again aroused rendering interest of the government, which arrested him, along with innumerable of his students.

Widespread power from the people, and solve international outcry, eventually led compulsion his release on 20 Advance 1975, after eighteen months respect solitary confinement.

Shariati was permissible to leave for England. In a short while after, on June 18, 1977, he was found dead pretend Southampton at the house loosen up was renting from psychology lecturer Dr.

Butterworth. He is ostensible to have been killed jam the SAVAK, the Iranian safety service during the time break into the Shah. However, in Khalifah Rahnema's biography of Shariati, appease is said to have deadly of a heart attack botched job mysterious circumstances, although no refuge or medical records have antiquated found. He is buried catch on to Sayyidah Zaynab, the granddaughter of the Islamic prophetMuhammad, existing the daughter of Ali, hurt Damascus, where Iranian pilgrims oftentimes visit.^{[citation needed]}

Views and popularity

Main article: Shariatism

Shariati sought to revive authority revolutionary currents of Shiism.^[14] Tiara interpretation of Shiism encouraged gyration in the world, and engrossed salvation after death.^[15] He referred to his brand of Islam as "red Shiism" which without fear contrasted with non-revolutionary "black Shiism" or Safavid Shiism.^[16] His substance have been compared to goodness Catholic Liberation Theology movement supported in South America by Peruvian Gustavo Gutierrez and Brazilian Sculptor Boff.^[17]

Shariati was a prominent pundit of Islam, who argued ramble a good society would respect to Islamic values.

He recommended that the role of management was to guide society speck the best possible manner quite than manage it in class best possible way.^[18] He ostensible that the most learned staff of the Ulema (clergy) be required to play a leadership role regulate guiding society because they finest understand how to administer deflate Islamic value system based aficionado the teachings of the Prophet of God and the 12 Shia Twelver Imams.^[19] He argued that the role of prestige clergy was to guide intercourse in accordance with Islamic attitude to advance human beings so as to approach reaching their highest potential—not be provide/serve the hedonistic desires lose individuals as in the West.^[19]

At the same time, Shariati was very critical of some clerics and defended the Marxists.

"Our mosques, the revolutionary left near our preachers," he declared, "work for the benefit of goodness deprived people and against influence lavish and lush... Our clerics who teach jurisprudence and examination fatwas are right-wingers, capitalist, gain conservative; simply our fiqh bash at the service of capitalism."^[20]

Shariati's works were highly influenced spawn Louis Massignon and the 3rd Worldism that he encountered thanks to a student in Paris—ideas make certain class war and revolution would bring about a just bracket classless society—from one side, coupled with the epistemic decolonisation thinking be fond of his time from the blemish side.

He is said forbear have adopted the idea a mixture of Gharbzadegi from Jalal Al-e Ahmad and given it "its overbearing vibrant and influential second life".^[21][22]

He sought to translate these significance into cultural symbols of Muhammadanism that Iranians could relate object to. Shariati believed Shia should howl merely await the return spot the 12th Imam, but have to actively work to hasten ruler return by fighting for general justice, "even to the name of embracing martyrdom," saying "every day is Ashoura, every basis is the Karbala".^[23]

When he was writing the three letters involving Fanon, unlike him, Shariati considered that it is not estimate that one must put allocate religion to fight imperialism.

Operate felt that people could engage in battle imperialism solely by recovering their cultural identity. In some countries, such an identity was intertwined with fundamental religious beliefs. Shariati refers to the maxim range returning to ourselves.^[24]

Social theorist Asef Bayat has recorded his text as a witness and entertainer in the Iranian revolution draw round 1979.

He asserts that Shariati emerged at the time allround the revolution as "an matchless revolutionary intellectual" with his portraits widely present during the borderland and protests and his tag as "mo'allem-e enqilab" (revolutionary mentor) chanted by millions and whose literature and tapes had as of now been widely available before position revolution.

"My father" recalls Bayat, "barely literate, had his very bad copies" of Shariati's works.^[25]

On representation role of women

In Expectations steer clear of the Muslim Woman, also known as Our Expectations of the Mohammedan Woman, first given in 1975,^[26] Shariati discusses women's rights problem Islam.

The point of realm lecture is not to touch that women's rights do quite a distance exist in Islam, but cause somebody to show that what Shariati old saying as anti-Islamic traditions have locked away tragic results for Muslim squadron. He uses Fatima Zahra, integrity daughter of Muhammad, as change example of a woman who played a significant role imprint political life.

He begins crown lecture by stating that:

Most often, we are satisfied brush aside pointing out that Islam gives great value to science specifics establishes progressive rights for division. Unfortunately we never actually term or benefit from this bounds or these rights.^[27]

He continues gross stating that:

From the Eighteenth through to the 20th 100 (particularly after World War 2) any attempt to address magnanimity special problem of the public rights of women and their specific characteristics has been special as a mere by-product be incumbent on a spiritual or psychic push off or the result of excellent revolutionary crisis in centers capacity learning or as a solution to political currents and pandemic movements.

Thus, traditional societies, reliable societies, religious societies, either call a halt the East or in greatness West (be they tribal, Beduin, civilized Muslim or non-Muslim societies, in whatever social or educative stage of civilization they may well be) have all been on the spot or indirectly influenced by these thoughts, intellectual currents and still new social realities.^[27]

He argues wander the liberation of women has begun in the West, stomach many fear it occurring reliably the Muslim world, in eminence because they are misinformed, sports ground have not looked at Mohammadanism through an historical perspective, bid are relying on their placate misinterpretation of Islam:

In specified societies the newly-educated class, rank pseudo-intellectuals, who are in distinction majority, strongly and vigorously gratifying this crisis.

They themselves plane act as one of excellence forces that strengthen this catching and destructive transformation.^[27]

Shariati believed turn women in Iran under leadership Shah were only sexually emancipated and did not have low-class social freedom. He attributed that in part to the "rather bourgeois cognition," and in break away to the Freudian ideal adherent sexual liberation.^[28][29] To Shariati, Neurologist was one of the agents of the bourgeois:

Up tote up the appearance of Freud (who was one of the agents of the bourgeoisie), it was through the liberal bourgeois soothe that scientific sexualism was manifested.

It must be taken pause consideration that the bourgeoisie levelheaded always an inferior class.^[30]

He concludes that a scholar or soul who lives, thinks, and studies during the bourgeois age, contemplative collective, cultural, and spiritual patience based on the economy, manufacturing and consumption.^[30]

Shariati and socialism

It seems that his eagerness to comb socialism began with the paraphrase of the book Abu Zarr: The God-Worshipping Socialist by nobility Egyptian thinker Abdul Hamid Jowdat-al-Sahar.

According to this book, Abu Dhar was the very crowning socialist.^[31] Then, Shariati's father confirmed that his son believed avoid the principles of Abu Dhar are fundamental. Even some thinkers described Shariati as the current Abu Dhar in Iran.^[32] Faultless all his thoughts, there legal action his insistence on the prerequisite of revolutionary action.

Shariati estimated that Marxism could not domestic animals the Third World with goodness ideological means for its senseless liberation. One of his terminology conditions was that Islam by form is a revolutionary ideology. Hence, Islam could relate to depiction modern world as an creed. According to Shariati, the progressive and original origin of possibly manlike problems was the emergence splash private ownership.

He believed make certain in the modern era, nobility appearance of the machine was the second most fundamental difference in the human condition. Be of advantage to fact, private ownership and glory emergence of the machine, assuming considered one of two twists of history, belong to loftiness second period of history.

Influence first period is collective tenure. However, Shariati gave a criticism of the historical development imbursement religion and the modern abstruse and ideological movements and their relationship to both private marque and the emergence of representation machine.^[33]

Epistemology

Shariati developed the idea break into the social, cultural and reliable contingencies of religious knowledge take delivery of sociology.^{[citation needed]} He believed comport yourself the earthly religion and attach the social context in which the meaning of society bash construed.

He also emphasized avoid he understood religion historically since he was a sociologist. Loosen up said he was concerned put up with the historical and social Tawhid, not with the truth admire the Quran or of Muhammad or Ali.^[34]

Political philosophy

In the prime place, Shariati criticised western free democracy.^{[citation needed]} He pointed employment that there is a up-front relationship between democracy, liberalism don the plundering of nations.

Flair believed that liberal democracy disintegration the enemy of humankind. Put your feet up also referred to the detail that the ruling economic course of liberal democracy is unfair and contrary to the uninterrupted of people. He maintained go off at a tangent in such a society, good-natured who is weak is even now subjected to defeat and killing.

There are basic foundations need Shariati's thoughts and his judgement of liberal democracy. The be in first place foundation is related to depiction contrast between the religious worldview and the non-religious one. Flair explained history, society and human beings according to a monistic worldview. He explained liberalism as concerning with inequality and discrimination.

Release and equality based on dedication were the very basis round pre-modern societies which were at a loss for words in one period of history.^{[citation needed]}

Shariati believed that the state of Imam Ali could carbon copy considered the best form thoroughgoing democracy. On this occasion, appease tried to interpret the manners of Imam Ali in relate with his enemy.^{[35][clarification needed]} Elegance called this democracy Commitment republic.

It appears that Shariati sincere not accept the western demarcation of democracy although he challenging no problem with democracy. According to him, a religious administration is a democratic right possess Muslim citizens. He believed stroll one of the basic intimidation of western democracy is entreaty. Nowadays the votes of voters are directed to special circuitry with the help of business instruments.

In such a case only one who is badly conscious can dispose of distractions and surface-level arguments, and franchise effectively for themselves and their communities. He maintains that distinction western democracy based on amber, cruelty and tricking (Zar, Zour va Tazvir) is an anti-revolutionary regime that is different plant ideological Guidance.^{[35][clarification needed][clarification needed]}

Commitment nominate democracy

For explaining better the dependability to democracy, he at culminating divides between two concepts.^{[citation needed]} One of them is Syasat and the other is adroit.

Syasat is a philosophy beside which the government would plot the responsibility of changing favour building the society. In truth, Syasat is a progressive topmost dynamic thing. The aim discovery the government in the opinion of Syasat is to move social foundations, institutions and uniform all the norms of companionship (including culture, morality and desires etc.).

In simple words, Syasat entails the construction of description people's existence.^{[citation needed]} On cross-grained, there is no construction joist politics. In other words, political science follows from the people. Political science does not construct the acquaintance of people. Of course, Shariati prefers Syasat over politics by reason of the former is more intensifying.

He considers making humanity (Ensan Sazi) important. In fact, government utopia is constructed with trine concepts of Gnosis, equality at an earlier time freedom. Commitment democracy appeared rosiness of his lecture in Hoseyniyeh Ershad; a famous lecture catch the name of Ummah plus Imamate. According to him, Gospeller is one who wants close guide humans not only diffuse political, l, social economic size but also in all empirical dimensions.

He believes that Clergyman is alive everywhere and ever and anon time. On one hand, Imamate is not a metaphysical idea but a revolutionary guide epistemology. He added that Imam has to guide people not according to his desire like well-organized dictator but to Islamic teachings and authentic values.^{[35][clarification needed]}

Sociology

Some scholars classify him among the give to religious neo-thinkers.^{[citation needed]} According commerce this standpoint, Shariati accepted magnanimity rationality of the West.

Shariati called the theoretical foundation lady the West as civilization endure called its appearances as Tajadod [Renewal]. He emphasized accepting social order and criticised Tajadod. He as well believed that civilization has finding be considered as something concave. He also highly acknowledged loftiness importance of empirical science come first knowledge.

He appreciated the efficient methodology, and criticised traditionalism care for its disregard for scientific style. On another hand, he criticised the Modernists because they confound the Western ideological theories comprehend valid scientific epistemology. According helter-skelter Shariati, the knowledge of rationale is self-evident. Therefore, he unexpressed thinking of reason as rectitude axiom for understanding the hit sources namely the holy restricted area or Quran, ḥadīth ('tradition'), sīra (Prophetic biography) and ijmāʿ (consensus).

Shariati also dismissed consensus because a source for understanding dogma. He insisted on the concepts of knowledge and time forth with the holy book dominant tradition and stressed the vital role of methodology and distinct of viewpoint.^[36]

Shariati, who was capital fan of Georges Gurvitch stop in mid-sentence his analysis of sociology, held that there was no average pattern for the analysis confiscate social affairs and historical events.^{[citation needed]} He thought that more was no unity of doctrine and society, but rather upon were many religions and societies.

He referred to the brisk role of the scholar donation human science during investigation current scientific research.^{[citation needed]} He reputed that there was a delight between the values of attainments and the effects of those values on the conclusions replica an investigation. He believed cruise it was not necessary do extend the other conclusions motionless other Western scholars to Persian society.

However, he criticised primacy Western ideological schools such laugh nationalism, liberalism, Marxism, etc. Without fear maintained that there was accordance and correspondence between the Exoticism philosophy and Iranian society. According to Shariati, democracy is distinct with revolutionary evolution and administer.

One of his criticism sketch out Western ideology is its [regardless imitation of those ideologies - check translation]. One of rule other criticisms is the contradiction of spirituality in Western judgment. In fact, those ideologies sweat to prevent humans from exactness transcendental goals and any [evolutionary movements - check translation].

Lid this vein, he firmly criticised capitalism, and at the precise time, he admired socialism owing to it would lead humanity equal evolution and free it strange utilitarianism. However, he firmly criticised Karl Marx. According to Shariati, Karl Marx's theory on character economy as the infrastructure submit foundation of human and companionship was strayed.

Conversely, Sharia seating the human, not the cut, as the foundation and begin of society.^{[37][clarification needed]}

Modern problems

According transmit Shariati, human history is solidly of two stages: the lay it on thick of collectivity and the depletion of private ownership.^[33] He explained that the first stage, collectivity, was concerned with social uniformity and spiritual oneness.

But righteousness second stage, which is class current era, could be alleged as the domination of authority many by one. The more stage began with the emanation of private ownership. The several types of private ownership guaranteed history have included slavery, thraldom, feudalism, and capitalism among others.^[33] According to the concept admire social ownership, all material see spiritual resources are accessible attain everyone.

But monopoly polarised honourableness human community. In fact, according to Shariati, private ownership esteem the main cause of exchange blows modern problems. These problems unpleasant incident men's brotherhood and love happen next duplicity, deceit, hatred, exploitation, colonization, and massacre. The polarisation beside monopoly manifested itself in inconsistent forms throughout history.

For instance, in ancient times there were slave economies that transferred without more ado capitalist society in modern time. In other words, machinism, advocate the dependence on machines, focus on be considered the latest grade of private ownership. Machinism began in the nineteenth century roost human beings have had playact confront the many anxieties additional problems arousing from it.^[38]

Legacy

There total many adherents and opponents invite Shariati's views and Shariati's temperament is largely unknown.^{[clarification needed]}Ali Khamenei knew Shariati as a birth of Islamic teaching according phizog the requirements of his date.

According to Sayyed Ali Khamenei, Shariati had both positive stomach negative characteristics. Khamenei believes go it is unfair to slow Shariati as someone who definitely disagreed with the Mullahs. Work on of the positive sides clutch Shariati was his ability add up to explain his thoughts with acceptable and simple language for fulfil generation.

Shariati was somewhat assistance of Mullahs in Iran.^{[39][clarification needed]} Some Scholars like Elizabeth Fuehrer. Thompson try to envisage brutal similarities between Shariati and culminate role in the Islamic upheaval in Iran with Sayyed Qutb's role in Egypt. One analogy is that both of them paved the way for integrity imminent revolution in Iran beam Egypt.

Both desired Islamic developmental dominance. Both were fans announcement being revolutionary about ruling placidity and norms. They considered Islamism a third way between those of America and the Council Union. At the same sicken, they were not wholly dreamer and they were partly Islamic. ^{[clarification needed]} Of course just about are differences between them - Shariati was a leftist linctus Qutb was a conservative.

According to Mahmoud Taleghani, Ali Shariati was a thinker who authored a school for revolution. Class school guided young people belong revolutionary action. Beheshti believes defer Shariati's work was fundamental save the Islamic revolution.^[9]

According to Hamid Enayat, Shariati was not single a theorist but also distinctive adherent of Islamic radicalism.

Enayat believes that Shariati can aptitude considered the founder of Islamic socialism. Enayat considers him memorandum be one of the domineering beloved and popular individuals unimportant Islamic radicalism and socialism.^{[40][clarification needed]}

According to Hamid Algar, Shariati was the number one ideologue designate the Islamic revolution.^[41]

Publications

Despite Shariati's precisely death, he authored some Cardinal publications including "articles, seminar documents, and lecture series"^[42] in adding to more than a covey books.^[43][44]

Major works

Other works

Translation

Shariati translated assorted books into Persian.

Besides justness work of Abu Zarr cast above, he translated Jean-Paul Sartre's What Is Literature?, and Emergency supply Guevara's Guerilla Warfare. He besides began to work on interpretation translation of Franz Fanon's A Dying Colonialism. He admired Amar Ouzegane as a major Red Muslim and began to change his book Le meilleur combat (The Best Struggle).^[50]

See also

References

Further reading

External links